# Playing with Gradient Descent in R

Gradient Descent is a workhorse in the machine learning world. As proof of its importance, it is one of the first algorithms that Andrew Ng discusses in his canonical Coursera Machine Learning course. There are many flavors and adaptations, but starting simple is usually a good thing. In this example, it is used to minimize the cost function (the sum of squared errors or SSE) for obtaining parameter estimates for a linear model. I.e.:

$\text{minimize} J(\theta_0, \theta_1) = \dfrac {1}{2m} \displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^m \left (h_\theta (x^{(i)}) - y^{(i)} \right)^2$

Which, when applied to a linear model becomes:

$\theta_0 := \theta_0 - \alpha \frac{1}{m} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{m}(h_\theta(x^{(i)}) - y^{(i)})$

$\theta_1 := \theta_1 - \alpha \frac{1}{m} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{m}\left((h_\theta(x^{(i)}) - y^{(i)}) x^{(i)}\right)$

Where $\theta_0$ is our intercept and $\theta_1$ is the parameter estimate of our only predictor variable.

Ng’s course is Octave-based, but manually calculating the algorithm in an R script is a fun, simple exercise and if you’re primarily an R-user it might help you understand the algorithm better than the Octave examples. The code full code is in this repository, but here is the walkthrough:

• Create some linearly related data with known relationships
• Write a function that takes the data and starting (or current) estimates as inputs
• Calculate the cost based on the current estimates
• Adjust the estimates in the direction and magnitude indicated by the scaling factor $\alpha$.
• Recursively run the function, providing the new parameter estimates each time
• Stop when the estimate converges (i.e., meets the stopping criteria based on the change in the estimates)

This code is for a simple single variable model. Adding additional variables means calculating the partial derivatives with respect to each item. In other words, adding a version of the $\theta_1$ cost component for each feature in the model. I.e.,

$\theta_j := \theta_j - \alpha \frac{1}{m} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{m}\left((h_\theta(x^{(i)}) - y^{(i)}) x_j^{(i)}\right)$

I sometimes use Gradient Descent as a ‘Hello World’ program when I’m playing with statistical packages. It helps you get a feel for the language and its capabilities.

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